天有不测风云(tiān yǒu bú cè fēng yún)，人有旦夕祸福(rén yǒu dàn xī huò fú)。蜈蚣(wú gōng)百(bǎi)足(zú)，行(xíng)不(bù)及(jí)蛇(shé)；雄鸡(xióng jī)两翼(liǎng yì)，飞(fēi)不过(bú guò)鸦(yā)。马(mǎ)有(yǒu)千(qiān)里(lǐ)之(zhī)程(chéng)，无(wú)骑(qí)不能(bù néng)自(zì)往(wǎng)；人(rén)有(yǒu)冲(chōng)天(tiān)之(zhī)志(zhì)，非(fēi)运(yùn)不(bù)能(néng)自(zì)通(tōng)。盖(gài)闻(wén)：人(rén)生(shēng)在(zài)世(shì)，富(fù)贵(guì)不(bù)能(néng)淫(yín)，贫(pín)贱(jiàn)不(bù)能(néng)移(yí)。

文章(wénzhāng)盖世(gàishì)，孔子(kǒngzǐ)厄(è)于陈邦(yúchénbāng)；武略(wǔlüè)超群(chāoqún)，太公(tàigōng)钓(diào)于(yú)渭(wèi)水(shuǐ)。颜(yán)渊(yuān)命(mìng)短(duǎn)，殊(shū)非(fēi)凶恶(xiōngè)之(zhī)徒(tú)；盗(dào)跖(zhí)年长(niánzhǎng)，岂是(qǐshì)善良(shànliáng)之辈(zhībèi)。尧帝(yáodì)明(míng)圣(shèng)， 却(què)生(shēng)不肖(búxiào)之(zhī)儿(ér)；瞽(gǔ)叟(sǒu)愚顽(yúwán)，反(fǎn)生(shēng)大(dà)孝(xiào)之(zhī)子(zǐ)。张良(zhāngliáng)原(yuán)是(shì)布衣(bùyī)，萧何(xiāohé)称谓(chēngwèi)县吏(xiànlì)。晏子身(yànzǐshēn)无(wú)五(wǔ)尺(chǐ)，封(fēng)作(zuò)齐国(qíguó)宰相(zǎixiàng)；孔明(kǒngmíng)卧(wò)居(jū)草(cǎo)庐(lú)，能(néng)作(zuò)蜀汉(shǔhàn)军师(jūnshī)。楚(chǔ)霸(bà)虽(suī)雄(xióng)，败(bài)于(yú)乌江(wūjiāng)自刎(zìwěn)；汉王(hànwáng)虽(suī)弱(ruò)，竟(jìng)有(yǒu)万(wàn)里(lǐ)江山(jiāngshān)。李(lǐ)广(guǎng)有(yǒu)射(shè)虎(hǔ)之(zhī)威(wēi)，到(dào)老(lǎo)无(wú)封(fēng)；冯(féng)唐(táng)有(yǒu)乘(chéng)龙(lóng)之(zhī)才(cái)，一(yì)生(shēng)不(bú)遇(yù)。韩(hán)信(xìn)未(wèi)遇(yù)之(zhī)时(shí)，无(wú)一(yí)日(rì)三(sān)餐(cān)，及(jí)至(zhì)遇(yù)行(háng)，腰(yāo)悬(xuán)三(sān)尺(chǐ)玉(yù)印(yìn)，一(yí)旦(dàn)时(shí)衰(shuāi)，死(sǐ)于(yú)阴(yīn)人(rén)之(zhī)手(shǒu)。

有(yǒu)先(xiān)贫(pín)而后(érhòu)富(fù)，有(yǒu)老(lǎo)壮(zhuàng)而(ér)少(shǎo)衰(shuāi)。满腹(mǎnfù)文章(wénzhāng)，白发(báifà)竟然(jìngrán)不(bù)中(zhōng)；才(cái)疏(shū)学(xué)浅(qiǎn)，少(shào)年(nián)及(jí)第(dì)登(dēng)科(kē)。深(shēn)院(yuàn)宫(gōng)娥(é)，运(yùn)退(tuì)反(fǎn)为(wéi)妓(jì)妾(qiè)；风(fēng)流(liú)妓(jì)女(nǚ)，时(shí)来(lái)配(pèi)作(zuò)夫(fū)人(rén)。青(qīng)春(chūn)美(měi)女(nǚ)，却(què)招(zhāo)愚(yú)蠢(chǔn)之(zhī)夫(fū)；俊(jùn)秀(xiù)郎(láng)君(jūn)，反(fǎn)配(pèi)粗(cū)丑(chǒu)之(zhī)妇(fù)。蛟(jiāo)龙(lóng)未(wèi)遇(yù)，潜(qián)水(shuǐ)于(yú)鱼(yú)鳖(biē)之(zhī)间(jiān)；君(jūn)子(zǐ)失(shī)时(shí)，拱(gǒng)手(shǒu)于(yú)小(xiǎo)人(rén)之(zhī)下(xià)。衣(yī)服(fu)虽(suī)破(pò)，常(cháng)存(cún)仪(yí)礼(lǐ)之(zhī)容(róng)；面(miàn)带(dài)忧(yōu)愁(chóu)，每(měi)抱(bào)怀(huái)安(ān)之(zhī)量(liàng)。时(shí)遭(zāo)不(bú)遇(yù)，只(zhī)宜(yí)安(ān)贫(pín)守(shǒu)份(fèn)；心(xīn)若(ruò)不(bù)欺(qī)，必(bì)然(rán)扬(yáng)眉(méi)吐(tǔ)气(qì)。初(chū)贫(pín)君(jūn)子(zǐ)，天(tiān)然(rán)骨(gǔ)骼(gé)生(shēng)成(chéng)；乍(zhà)富(fù)小(xiǎo)人(rén)，不(bù)脱(tuō)贫(pín)寒(hán)肌(jī)体(tǐ)。天(tiān)不(bù)得(dé)时(shí)，日(rì)月(yuè)无(wú)光(guāng)；地(dì)不(bù)得(dé)时(shí)，草(cǎo)木(mù)不(bù)生(shēng)；水(shuǐ)不(bù)得(dé)时(shí)，风(fēng)浪(làng)不(bù)平(píng)；人(rén)不(bù)得(dé)时(shí)，利(lì)运(yùn)不(bù)通(tōng)。注(zhù)福(fú)注(zhù)禄(lù)，命(mìng)里(lǐ)已(yǐ)安(ān)排(pái)定(dìng)，富(fù)贵(guì)谁(shuí)不(bù)欲(yù)？人(rén)若(ruò)不(bù)依(yī)根(gēn)基(jī)八(bā)字(zì)，岂(qǐ)能(néng)为(wéi)卿(qīng)为(wéi)相(xiāng)？

吾(wú)昔(xī)寓(yù)居(jū)洛(luò)阳(yáng)，朝(cháo)求(qiú)僧(sēng)餐(cān)，暮(mù)宿(xiǔ)破(pò)窖(jiào)，思(sī)衣(yī)不(bù)可(kě)遮(zhē)其(qí)体(tǐ)，思(sī)食(shí)不(bù)可(kě)济(jì)其(qí)饥(jī)，上(shàng)人(rén)憎(zēng)，下(xià)人(rén)厌(yàn)，人(rén)道(dào)我(wǒ)贱(jiàn)，非(fēi)我(wǒ)不(bù)弃(qì)也(yě)。今(jīn)居(jū)朝(cháo)堂(táng)，官(guān)至(zhì)极(jí)品(pǐn)，位(wèi)置(zhì)三(sān)公(gōng)，身(shēn)虽(suī)鞠(jū)躬(gōng)于(yú)一(yì)人(rén)之(zhī)下(xià)，而(ér)列(liè)职(zhí)于(yú)千(qiān)万(wàn)人(rén)之(zhī)上(shàng)，有(yǒu)挞(tà)百(bǎi)僚(liáo)之(zhī)杖(zhàng)，有(yǒu)斩(zhǎn)鄙(bǐ)吝(lìn)之(zhī)剑(jiàn)，思(sī)衣(yī)而(ér)有(yǒu)罗(luó)锦(jǐn)千(qiān)箱(xiāng)，思(sī)食(shí)而(ér)有(yǒu)珍(zhēn)馐(xiū)百(bǎi)味(wèi)，出(chū)则(zé)壮(zhuàng)士(shì)执(zhí)鞭(biān)，入(rù)则(zé)佳(jiā)人(rén)捧(pěng)觞(shāng)，上(shàng)人(rén)宠(chǒng)，下(xià)人(rén)拥(yōng)。人(rén)道(dào)我(wǒ)贵(guì)，非(fēi)我(wǒ)之(zhī)能(néng)也(yě)，此(cǐ)乃(nǎi)时(shí)也(yě)、运(yùn)也(yě)、命(mìng)也(yě)。

嗟(jiē)呼(hū)！人(rén)生(shēng)在(zài)世(shì)，富(fù)贵(guì)不(bù)可(kě)尽(jìn)用(yòng)，贫(pín)贱(jiàn)不(bù)可(kě)自(zì)欺(qī)，听(tīng)由(yóu)天地(tiāndì)循环(xúnhuán)，周(zhōu)而(ér)复(fù)始(shǐ)焉(yān)。

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《寒(hán)窑(yáo)赋(fù)》译(yì)文(wén)如(rú)下(xià)：

天气(tiānqì)有(yǒu)预测(yùcè)不(bù)到(dào)的(de)风(fēng)和(hé)云(yún)，人(rén)也(yě)会(huì)有(yǒu)早晚(zǎowǎn)遇到(yùdào)的(de)灾祸(zāihuò)与(yǔ)喜事(xǐshì)。蜈蚣(wúgōng)有(yǒu)上百(shàngbǎi)只(zhī)足(zú)，但(dàn)却(què)不(bù)如(rú)蛇(shé)行(xíng)走(zǒu)得(dé)好(hǎo)。家(jiā)鸡(jī)翅(chì)膀(bǎng)虽(suī)然(rán)很(hěn)大(dà)，却(què)不(bù)能(néng)像(xiàng)鸟(niǎo)一(yí)样(yàng)飞(fēi)行(xíng)。马(mǎ)虽(suī)然(rán)能(néng)行(xíng)走(zǒu)千(qiān)里(lǐ)之(zhī)遥(yáo)，但(dàn)没(méi)有(yǒu)人(rén)驾(jià)驭(yù)也(yě)不(bù)能(néng)自(zì)己(jǐ)到(dào)达(dá)目(mù)的(dì)地(dì)。人(rén)有(yǒu)远(yuǎn)大(dà)的(de)理(lǐ)想(xiǎng)，但(dàn)缺(quē)乏(fá)机(jī)遇(yù)就(jiù)不(bù)能(néng)实(shí)现(xiàn)。

孔子(kǒngzǐ)的(de)文章(wénzhāng)写(xiě)得(dé)没有(méiyǒu)人(rén)能够(nénggòu)超过(chāoguò)却(què)被(bèi)围困(wéikùn)于(yú)陈(chén)国(guó)。拥有(yōngyǒu)文(wén)韬(tāo)武略(wǔlüè)的(de)姜子牙(jiāngzǐyá)也曾(yěcéng)迫于(pòyú)生计(shēngjì)在(zài)渭(wèi)水(shuǐ)垂钓(chuídiào)。而(ér)盗(dào)跖(zhí)虽(suī)然(rán)是(shì)成(chéng)年(nián)人(rén)，却(què)不(bú)是(shì)善(shàn)良(liáng)人(rén)。孔(kǒng)子(zǐ)的(de)学(xué)生(shēng)颜(yán)回(huí)虽(suī)然(rán)早(zǎo)亡(wáng)，但(dàn)并(bìng)不(bú)是(shì)凶(xiōng)恶(è)的(de)人(rén)。尧(yáo)、舜(shùn)虽(suī)然(rán)英(yīng)明(míng)，却(què)生(shēng)下(xià)顽(wán)劣(liè)不(bú)肖(xiào)的(de)儿(ér)子(zi)。舜(shùn)的(de)父(fù)亲(qīn)瞽(gǔ)叟(sǒu)顽(wán)固(gù)又(yòu)愚(yú)蠢(chǔn)，反(fǎn)而(ér)生(shēng)下(xià)舜(shùn)这(zhè)样(yàng)圣(shèng)贤(xián)的(de)儿(ér)子(zi)。张(zhāng)良(liáng)原(yuán)来(lái)只(zhǐ)是(shì)一(yī)个(gè)老(lǎo)百(bǎi)姓(xìng)，箫(xiāo)何(hé)也(yě)仅(jǐn)是(shì)县(xiàn)里(lǐ)的(de)吏(lì)员(yuán)。晏(yàn)子(zǐ)的(de)身(shēn)高(gāo)没(méi)有(yǒu)达(dá)到(dào)五(wǔ)尺(chǐ)，却(què)承(chéng)担(dān)了(le)齐(qí)国(guó)首(shǒu)相(xiàng)的(de)职(zhí)务(wù)。孔(kǒng)明(míng)居(jū)住(zhù)在(zài)茅(máo)草(cǎo)屋(wū)里(lǐ)，却(què)担(dān)任(rèn)了(le)蜀(shǔ)国(guó)的(de)军(jūn)师(shī)。韩(hán)信(xìn)没(méi)有(yǒu)什(shén)么(me)力(lì)气(qi)，确(què)受(shòu)封(fēng)为(wéi)汉(hàn)朝(cháo)的(de)大(dà)将(jiàng)。冯(féng)唐(táng)虽(suī)有(yǒu)治(zhì)国(guó)安(ān)邦(bāng)的(de)才(cái)能(néng)，但(dàn)到(dào)老(lǎo)都(dōu)没(méi)有(yǒu)做(zuò)官(guān)的(de)机(jī)会(huì)。汉(hàn)将(jiāng)李(lǐ)广(guǎng)虽(suī)有(yǒu)射(shè)虎(hǔ)（虎(hǔ)石(shí)）的(de)威(wēi)名(míng)，却(què)终(zhōng)身(shēn)都(dōu)未(wèi)获(huò)得(dé)封(fēng)侯(hóu)。项(xiàng)羽(yǔ)虽(suī)然(rán)强(qiáng)大(dà)，但(dàn)却(què)在(zài)乌(wū)江(jiāng)自(zì)杀(shā)；刘(liú)邦(bāng)虽(suī)然(rán)弱(ruò)小(xiǎo)，最后(zuìhòu)却(què)取得(qǔdé)了(le)国家(guójiā)政权(zhèngquán)。具有(jùyǒu)高深(gāoshēn)学问(xuéwèn)的(de)人(rén)，头(tóu)发白(fābái)了(le)都(dōu)得不到(débùdào)任用(rènyòng)；能(néng)力(lì)差(chà)学(xué)问(wèn)浅(qiǎn)的(de)人(rén)，很(hěn)年(nián)轻(qīng)就(jiù)被(bèi)任(rèn)命(mìng)了(le)重(zhòng)要(yào)的(de)官(guān)职(zhí)。

有(yǒu)的(de)人(rén)先(xiān)富(fù)裕(yù)后(hòu)贫(pín)穷(qióng)，也(yě)有(yǒu)人(rén)先(xiān)贫(pín)穷(qióng)后(hòu)富(fù)裕(yù)。蛟(jiāo)龙(lóng)没(méi)有(yǒu)获(huò)得(dé)机(jī)遇(yù)，只(zhǐ)能(néng)藏(cáng)身(shēn)于(yú)鱼(yú)和(hé)虾(xiā)的(de)群(qún)体(tǐ)里(lǐ)。正(zhèng)直(zhí)的(de)人(rén)没(méi)有(yǒu)机(jī)会(huì)时(shí)，只(zhǐ)能(néng)屈(qū)从(cóng)与(yǔ)小(xiǎo)人(rén)。天气(tiānqì)不好(bùhǎo)时(shí)，就(jiù)见不到(jiànbúdào)太阳(tàiyáng)和(hé)月亮(yuèliàng)的(de)光辉(guānghuī)；土地(tǔdì)没有(méiyǒu)合适(héshì)的(de)气候(qìhòu)条件(tiáojiàn)时(shí)，草木(cǎomù)都(dōu)不会(búhuì)生长(shēngzhǎng)。水(shuǐ)得不到(débùdào)恰当(qiàdàng)的(de)环境(huánjìng)时(shí)，就(jiù)会(huì)掀起(xiānqǐ)疾风(jífēng)巨浪(jùlàng)；人(rén)若(ruò)得(dé)不(bù)机遇(jīyù)时(shí)，利益(lìyì)和(hé)运气(yùnqì)都(dōu)不(bù)畅通(chàngtōng)。

以(yǐ)前(qián)，我(wǒ)在(zài)洛(luò)阳(yáng)，白(bái)天(tiān)到(dào)寺(sì)庙(miào)里(lǐ)吃(chī)斋(zhāi)饭(fàn)，晚(wǎn)上(shang)住(zhù)在(zài)寒(hán)冷(lěng)的(de)窑(yáo)洞(dòng)里(lǐ)。所(suǒ)穿(chuān)衣服(yīfu)不能(bùnéng)避(bì)寒(hán)，吃(chī)的(de)粥(zhōu)饭(fàn)抵御(dǐyù)不了(bùliǎo)饥饿(jīè)。上等(shàngděng)人(rén)憎恨(zēnghèn)我(wǒ)，下等(xiàděng)人(rén)厌恶(yànwù)我(wǒ)，都(dōu)说(shuō)我(wǒ)很(hěn)贱(jiàn)。我(wǒ)说(shuō)：不(bú)是(shì)我(wǒ)贱(jiàn)，是(shì)我(wǒ)没(méi)有(yǒu)机(jī)遇(yù)啊(ā)。当(dāng)我(wǒ)获(huò)得(dé)功(gōng)名(míng)，职(zhí)位(wèi)达(dá)到(dào)官(guān)职(zhí)最(zuì)高(gāo)层(céng)，地(dì)位(wèi)达(dá)到(dào)三(sān)公(gōng)（丞(chéng)相(xiàng)、御(yù)史(shǐ)大(dà)夫(fū)、太(tài)尉(wèi)），拥有(yōngyǒu)制约(zhìyuē)百官(bǎiguān)的(de)能力(nénglì)，也(yě)有(yǒu)惩罚(chéngfá)卑鄙(bēibǐ)、吝啬(lìnsè)的(de)权力(quánlì)，出门(chūmén)时(shí)前呼后拥(qiánhūhòuyōng)，回(huí)到(dào)家(jiā)里(lǐ)则(zé)有(yǒu)美(měi)女(nǚ)侍(shì)奉(fèng)，穿(chuān)衣(yī)服(fu)是(shì)绫(líng)罗(luó)锦(jǐn)缎(duàn)，吃(chī)的(de)则(zé)是(shì)山(shān)珍(zhēn)海(hǎi)味(wèi)，皇(huáng)上(shang)宠(chǒng)爱(ài)我(wǒ)，下(xià)面(mian)的(de)人(rén)拥(yōng)载(zǎi)我(wǒ)，所(suǒ)有(yǒu)的(de)人(rén)都(dōu)恭(gōng)敬(jìng)、羡(xiàn)慕(mù)我(wǒ)，都(dōu)说(shuō)我(wǒ)是(shì)贵(guì)人(rén)。我(wǒ)说(shuō)：不(bú)是(shì)我(wǒ)贵(guì)，是(shì)因(yīn)为(wéi)我(wǒ)获(huò)得(dé)了(le)好(hǎo)的(de)机(jī)遇(yù)啊(ā)。

所以(suǒyǐ)人(rén)活(huó)在(zài)世上(shìshàng)，对于(duìyú)富贵(fùguì)的(de)人(rén)不要(búyào)去(qù)追捧(zhuīpěng)他(tā)，对于(duìyú)贫贱(pínjiàn)的(de)人(rén)不可(bùkě)去(qù)欺辱(qīrǔ)他(tā)。这(zhè)就(jiù)是(shì)为(wéi)人(rén)处(chǔ)世(shì)周(zhōu)而(ér)复(fù)始(shǐ)的(de)规(guī)律(lǜ)。

The translation of Han Kiln Fu (reference) is as follows:

The weather has unpredictable winds and clouds, and people will encounter disasters and happy events sooner or later. The centipede has hundreds of feet, but it doesn’t walk as well as the snake. Although the wings of domestic chickens are large, they cannot fly like birds. Although a horse can walk thousands of miles, it cannot reach its destination without being controlled. People have lofty ideals, but they cannot realize them without opportunities.

Confucius wrote articles that no one could surpass but were besieged by the State of Chen. Jiang Ziya, who has a strong and strategic background, was forced to make a living fishing in the Weishui River. Although the thief Zhi is an adult, he is not a kind person. Although Yan Hui, a student of Confucius, died early, he was not a vicious man. Although wise, Yao and Shun gave birth to wicked sons. Shun’s father, the blind old man, was stubborn and stupid. Instead, he gave birth to the son of a sage like Shun. Zhang Liang was just a common man, and Xiao He was just an official in the county. Yan Zi was not five feet tall, but he assumed the post of Prime Minister of the State of Qi. Kongming lived in a thatched hut, but he served as a military adviser in Shu. Han Xin did not have much strength. He was indeed appointed the general of the Han Dynasty. Although Feng Tang had the ability to govern the country, he had no chance to be an officer when he was old. Although Li Guang, the general of the Han Dynasty, has a reputation for shooting tigers (tiger stones), he has not been granted a marquis all his life. Although Xiang Yu was powerful, he committed suicide in Wujiang; Although Liu Bang was weak, he finally gained state power. People with profound knowledge cannot be appointed even when their hair is gray; People with poor abilities and shallow knowledge are appointed to important positions at a very young age.

Some people are rich first and then poor, while others are poor first and then rich. Jiaolong didn’t get the opportunity but hid in the group of fish and shrimp. When honest people have no chance, they can only yield to villains. When the weather is bad, the sun and the moon will not shine; When the land has no suitable climatic conditions, the plants will not grow. When the water can not get the proper environment, it will set off strong winds and waves; If people don’t have opportunities, their interests and luck are blocked.

In Luoyang, I used to eat fast in temples during the day and live in cold caves at night. The clothes you wear cannot protect you from the cold, and the porridge you eat cannot protect you from hunger. The superior hate me, while the inferior hates me. They all say that I am cheap. I said: I am not cheap, but I have no opportunity. When I got an official position, I reached the highest level of the official position and reached the rank of Sangong (Prime Minister, Imperial Doctor, and Grand Lieutenant). I had the ability to restrict all officials, and also had the power to punish meanness and stinginess. When I went out, I was welcomed by others. When I returned home, I was served by a beautiful woman. I wore silk, brocade, and satin, and ate delicious food. The emperor loved me, and the people below me supported me. All people respected and envied me, saying that I was a noble person. I said: It is not because I am expensive, but because I have gained good opportunities.

Therefore, if a person lives in the world, do not pursue the rich and noble, and do not humiliate the poor. This is the law of the life cycle.

“A drop of ink can cause thousands of people to think, and a good book can change the fate of countless people.”—— Byron

Classics contain great thoughts, eternal artistic charm, and profound ideological connotations. The ten books in the series are a history of the process of world history. Let great and outstanding people be remembered by the world! Solidify the instantaneous history into eternal memory! Give thought and knowledge new vitality!

The ranking is based on the data of popular books all over the world. I hope you like it for reference and learning.

The ranking is based on the data of popular books all over the world. I hope you like it for reference and learning.

The ranking is based on the data of popular books all over the world. I hope you like it for reference and learning.

For FI and study only, thank you.

Organized content, if there is any mistake, please comment to add, thanks.

You may not like the ten books recommended this time, but understanding philosophy is a work that must be read through. Thank you.

52. Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903) was an English idealist philosopher and positivist main representative of. He believes that comprehensive philosophy based on vulgar evolution can explain all natural phenomena and phenomenal social phenomena and advocates agnosticism. Main works: comprehensive philosophy, principles of sociology, original works of the Confucian theory of reason.

53. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, fineFounder of theological analysis school. He gradually developed the theory of psychoanalysis from his clinical treatment relevant treatment methods put forward the theory of ID, ego, and superego of personality, and believe that it exists in the unconscious sexual instinct is the basic driving force of human psychology and the power to dominate personal destiny and determine social development. Main worksHis works include analysis of dreams, psychopathology of daily life, introduction to psychoanalysis, introduction to psychoanalysis new edition, the autobiography of Freud, etc.

54. Dewey (John, 1859-1952), a famous American pragmatist philosopher and educatorEducationists, ethicists, and social activist. Established “empirical naturalism” or instrumentalism. think the task of philosophy is not to provide some explanation for nature but to explore ways to solve human problems. PublicizeYang Yang’s idealistic historical view of pluralism and “new personality theory”. His works include the transformation of philosophy, experience, nature, and truthQualitative pursuit, knowledge, and knowledge.

55. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) Indian writer, poet, and philosophyHome. Inheriting the tradition of Vedanta dualism in India, he believes that the origin of the world is an absolute existence. Recognizing nature and that there are opposites and contradictions in human society, but the contradiction is temporary and relative, and unity and harmony are the key external and absolute, it advocates reconciling various social contradictions through “Pan love”. His works include the pro evidence of life personality, unity of creation, human religion, nationalism, the crisis of civilization, etc.

56. Bianxi (1863-1902), Vivekananda (SV) ā m ī Vivek ā NANDA), formerly known as

NuoNarendranath Datta, Indian philosopher, and Hindu reformer, “new VedanThe initiator

of “multi-faction”. He believes that the highest essence of the world is “Brahma” (cosmic spirit),

but the material world is the same as “Brahma” Cannot be disconnected; It advocates that

all forces in India should be unified on the basis of “Indian spirit”. His works include

“industry” Yoga, Master Yoga, wisdom yoga, Vedanta philosophy, modern philosophy.

57. Max Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist and social philosophy historian. He initiated the research method of modern sociology, that is, to explore the behind the development and changes of economic lifeThe research method of the spiritual driving force is called “Marx in the capitalist period”. Author of academic politics, Protestant Ethics and the spirit of capitalism.

58. Zhang Binglin (1869-1936) was a Chinese thinker and scholar. Their initial name is

Xuecheng, with the word uncle Mei (I)As “Uncle Mei”). Because of his admiration for Gu Yanwu during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, he was renamed Jiang and nicknamed Taiyan. Early philosophy has the materialist tendency to hold that “Ether” is the basic material constituting all things, and

emphasizes that the human spirit depends on the human body, Deny the theory of the immortality

of the soul and the theory of ghosts and gods. He wrote many works in his life, including Zhang’s series, the sequel to Zhang’s series”Zhang’s Series III” and so on. Since 1982, Shanghai People’s Publishing House has successively published the complete works of Zhang Taiyan in separate volumes.

59. Russell Bertrand (1872-1970) was a famous British philosopher and mathematician scientist,

and logician. He founded logical atomism and new realism and is the founder of modern analytical philosophy. His philosophical thought has roughly experienced absolute idealism, logical atomism,

new realism, and neutral monism in several stages. His “Russell paradox” had an important impact

on the basis of mathematics in the 20th century. mains works include the history of western philosophy, the development of my philosophy, the road to happiness, the road to freedom, philosophical problems principles of mathematics, etc.

60. Liang Qichao (1873-1929) was a Chinese scholar. He was named Zhuoru, Ren Gong, and the owner

of the ice drinking room people. Kang Youwei and Kang Youwei advocated reform and reform,

which are collectively known as “Kang Liang”. Philosophically, it is believed that “the environment

is created by the mind” and emphasizes “the mind” Force is the greatest thing in the universe, “pushing Wang Shouren’s” to conscience “. He wrote Hongfu and compiled it into a drinking collection of rooms.

42. Rousseau (Jean Jacques, 1712-1778) was a French Enlightenment thinker, writerDeists. It believes that the material world exists objectively and feeling is the root of cognition, but it does not deny God and the existence of the soul. He is the author of the origin and foundation of human inequality, the theory of social contract, Emile, and confessionRecord of regret.

43. Kant （Immanuel, 1724-1804）The Founder of German classical philosophy, in the 18th century One of the important thinkers of the European Enlightenment. His transcendental philosophy is the spear of modern rationalism and empiricism The combination of the shield, he believes that there is a “free thing” outside of the human consciousness, is an unknown “noumenon”, recognized by people Knowledge is only the phenomenon. Introduce the eternal moral principle, namely the absolute command. Author of “A Critique of Pure Reason”, Criticism of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment, etc.

44. Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744-1803) was a German philosopher. Pan TheismCombined with individualism, he believes that God is the original power of a single and infinite spirit, which is manifested in everything things. Put forward a preliminary historical view of aesthetics. His main works are “the forest of criticism” and “about promoting human communication.

45. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) German classical rationalism is the epitome of, an objective idealist and a master of dialectics. Founded as the largest idealism in European history philosophical system takes the dialectical development of the absolute spirit as the object and content; That the origin of the world is an absolute idea, The world is full of contradictions and is always in motion and change. He is the author of the phenomenology of spirit, logic andThe complete book of philosophy.

46. Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860), German “pessimistic philosopher”, The founder of the school of voluntarism and the main representative of life voluntarism. He is Hegel’s absolute idealist opponent and pioneer of the new “life” philosophy. That “the world is my will and appearance”, emphasizes meaning the importance of ambition. Adhere to the position of anti-rationalism and believe that the phenomenal world is derived from the subject, not the real existence of He is the author of the world as will and representation.

47. Comte, Isidore Auguste Marie fraugois Xavier (1798-1857), FrancePhilosopher, the founder of positivism and the founder of sociology. That philosophy is not abstract reasoning, but should be based on “empirical facts”, that is, empirical facts and empirical phenomena. Materialism and idealism are not based on”Empirical facts” as the research object is not true and unscientific. He is the author of “a course of positive philosophy” and so on.

48. Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872), German materialist philosopheratheist. Affirming that man is the product of nature, the unity of thinking and existence, and advocating the reflection of materialism, his “Humanistic materialism” does not see people’s subjective initiative to objective existence and does not understand social practice’s role in cognition. Main works: the essence of Christianity.

49. Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and mentor of the proletarian

revolution. The theory and theory are mainly composed of three parts: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy, and scientific socialism. Marxist philosophy emphasizes practicality and is the complete unity of materialism and dialectics, He also realized great changes in the field of historical view and founded historical materialism. His main works include Das KapitalCommunist Manifesto, German Ideology, critique of the Gotha Program, French Civil War, political economyCriticism of economics, etc.

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