52. Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903) was an English idealist philosopher and positivist main representative of. He believes that comprehensive philosophy based on vulgar evolution can explain all natural phenomena and phenomenal social phenomena and advocates agnosticism. Main works: comprehensive philosophy, principles of sociology, original works of the Confucian theory of reason.

53. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, fineFounder of theological analysis school. He gradually developed the theory of psychoanalysis from his clinical treatment relevant treatment methods put forward the theory of ID, ego, and superego of personality, and believe that it exists in the unconscious sexual instinct is the basic driving force of human psychology and the power to dominate personal destiny and determine social development. Main worksHis works include analysis of dreams, psychopathology of daily life, introduction to psychoanalysis, introduction to psychoanalysis new edition, the autobiography of Freud, etc.

54. Dewey (John, 1859-1952), a famous American pragmatist philosopher and educatorEducationists, ethicists, and social activist. Established “empirical naturalism” or instrumentalism. think the task of philosophy is not to provide some explanation for nature but to explore ways to solve human problems. PublicizeYang Yang’s idealistic historical view of pluralism and “new personality theory”. His works include the transformation of philosophy, experience, nature, and truthQualitative pursuit, knowledge, and knowledge.

55. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) Indian writer, poet, and philosophyHome. Inheriting the tradition of Vedanta dualism in India, he believes that the origin of the world is an absolute existence. Recognizing nature and that there are opposites and contradictions in human society, but the contradiction is temporary and relative, and unity and harmony are the key external and absolute, it advocates reconciling various social contradictions through “Pan love”. His works include the pro evidence of life personality, unity of creation, human religion, nationalism, the crisis of civilization, etc.

56. Bianxi (1863-1902), Vivekananda (SV) ā m ī Vivek ā NANDA), formerly known as

NuoNarendranath Datta, Indian philosopher, and Hindu reformer, “new VedanThe initiator

of “multi-faction”. He believes that the highest essence of the world is “Brahma” (cosmic spirit),

but the material world is the same as “Brahma” Cannot be disconnected; It advocates that

all forces in India should be unified on the basis of “Indian spirit”. His works include

“industry” Yoga, Master Yoga, wisdom yoga, Vedanta philosophy, modern philosophy.

57. Max Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist and social philosophy historian. He initiated the research method of modern sociology, that is, to explore the behind the development and changes of economic lifeThe research method of the spiritual driving force is called “Marx in the capitalist period”. Author of academic politics, Protestant Ethics and the spirit of capitalism.

58. Zhang Binglin (1869-1936) was a Chinese thinker and scholar. Their initial name is

Xuecheng, with the word uncle Mei (I)As “Uncle Mei”). Because of his admiration for Gu Yanwu during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, he was renamed Jiang and nicknamed Taiyan. Early philosophy has the materialist tendency to hold that “Ether” is the basic material constituting all things, and

emphasizes that the human spirit depends on the human body, Deny the theory of the immortality

of the soul and the theory of ghosts and gods. He wrote many works in his life, including Zhang’s series, the sequel to Zhang’s series”Zhang’s Series III” and so on. Since 1982, Shanghai People’s Publishing House has successively published the complete works of Zhang Taiyan in separate volumes.

59. Russell Bertrand (1872-1970) was a famous British philosopher and mathematician scientist,

and logician. He founded logical atomism and new realism and is the founder of modern analytical philosophy. His philosophical thought has roughly experienced absolute idealism, logical atomism,

new realism, and neutral monism in several stages. His “Russell paradox” had an important impact

on the basis of mathematics in the 20th century. mains works include the history of western philosophy, the development of my philosophy, the road to happiness, the road to freedom, philosophical problems principles of mathematics, etc.

60. Liang Qichao (1873-1929) was a Chinese scholar. He was named Zhuoru, Ren Gong, and the owner

of the ice drinking room people. Kang Youwei and Kang Youwei advocated reform and reform,

which are collectively known as “Kang Liang”. Philosophically, it is believed that “the environment

is created by the mind” and emphasizes “the mind” Force is the greatest thing in the universe, “pushing Wang Shouren’s” to conscience “. He wrote Hongfu and compiled it into a drinking collection of rooms.

42. Rousseau (Jean Jacques, 1712-1778) was a French Enlightenment thinker, writerDeists. It believes that the material world exists objectively and feeling is the root of cognition, but it does not deny God and the existence of the soul. He is the author of the origin and foundation of human inequality, the theory of social contract, Emile, and confessionRecord of regret.

43. Kant （Immanuel, 1724-1804）The Founder of German classical philosophy, in the 18th century One of the important thinkers of the European Enlightenment. His transcendental philosophy is the spear of modern rationalism and empiricism The combination of the shield, he believes that there is a “free thing” outside of the human consciousness, is an unknown “noumenon”, recognized by people Knowledge is only the phenomenon. Introduce the eternal moral principle, namely the absolute command. Author of “A Critique of Pure Reason”, Criticism of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment, etc.

44. Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744-1803) was a German philosopher. Pan TheismCombined with individualism, he believes that God is the original power of a single and infinite spirit, which is manifested in everything things. Put forward a preliminary historical view of aesthetics. His main works are “the forest of criticism” and “about promoting human communication.

45. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) German classical rationalism is the epitome of, an objective idealist and a master of dialectics. Founded as the largest idealism in European history philosophical system takes the dialectical development of the absolute spirit as the object and content; That the origin of the world is an absolute idea, The world is full of contradictions and is always in motion and change. He is the author of the phenomenology of spirit, logic andThe complete book of philosophy.

46. Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860), German “pessimistic philosopher”, The founder of the school of voluntarism and the main representative of life voluntarism. He is Hegel’s absolute idealist opponent and pioneer of the new “life” philosophy. That “the world is my will and appearance”, emphasizes meaning the importance of ambition. Adhere to the position of anti-rationalism and believe that the phenomenal world is derived from the subject, not the real existence of He is the author of the world as will and representation.

47. Comte, Isidore Auguste Marie fraugois Xavier (1798-1857), FrancePhilosopher, the founder of positivism and the founder of sociology. That philosophy is not abstract reasoning, but should be based on “empirical facts”, that is, empirical facts and empirical phenomena. Materialism and idealism are not based on”Empirical facts” as the research object is not true and unscientific. He is the author of “a course of positive philosophy” and so on.

48. Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872), German materialist philosopheratheist. Affirming that man is the product of nature, the unity of thinking and existence, and advocating the reflection of materialism, his “Humanistic materialism” does not see people’s subjective initiative to objective existence and does not understand social practice’s role in cognition. Main works: the essence of Christianity.

49. Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and mentor of the proletarian

revolution. The theory and theory are mainly composed of three parts: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy, and scientific socialism. Marxist philosophy emphasizes practicality and is the complete unity of materialism and dialectics, He also realized great changes in the field of historical view and founded historical materialism. His main works include Das KapitalCommunist Manifesto, German Ideology, critique of the Gotha Program, French Civil War, political economyCriticism of economics, etc.

For reference and study only, feel free to leave comments.

22. Anselm, Canterbury (1033-1109) Italian medieval FrancisTheologians, important representatives of scholasticism and extreme realists are called “the last Godfather and the first Godfather”Scholastic philosopher “. He put forward the ontological proof of the existence of God, holding that reason obeys faith, “I will never.”It is not understanding that leads to faith, but faith that leads to understanding. Because I believe that unless I believe, I will never understand “. His representative works include “on Tao”, “monologue”, “why God turns into a man”, etc.

23. Zhu Xi (1130-1200) has the character Hui, the word Zhong Hui, and the number Hui’an, also known as Ziyang, and the Southern Song ZheScientist and educator. He developed Er Cheng’s theory on the relationship between Li and Qi, which was a great achievement of Neo Confucianism, and established the Neo Confucianism system of objective idealism known as the Cheng Zhu school. His Neo Confucianism was mentioned as Confucianism in the Ming and Qing DynastiesThe status of the Pope. His main works include notes to four books and chapters, the original meaning of the book of changes, a biography of poetry and notes to the Chu, and the collection of Mr. Hui’an’s official documents and Zhu Ziyu compiled by later generations.

24. Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193) was a philosopher of the Southern Song Dynasty. His name was Zijing and his name was Chun Zhai. In Guixi, JiangxiXiangshan built a “jing she” and gathered disciples to give lectures. Scholars call it Mr. Xiangshan. He is the founder of “psychology”. Take “heart” as the correct constitutes the origin of all things in the universe, puts forward the proposition of “mind is the reason”, and holds that in the relationship between “mind” and “matter”, there are ten thousand everything in my heart. His study was inherited and developed by Wang Shouren, known as the “Lu Wang School” in the world. The works are compiled by later generations 1981, Zhonghua Publishing House published Lu Jiuyuan’s collection.

25. Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) was a medieval Italian GodScholar and the main representative of Scholasticism in the feudal period of Western Europe. That God exists, that faith is above reason, and “The so-called other sciences are the maidservants of theology”. He believes that man is a combination of soul and body, and the soul isThe body will decay and disappear. Only when combined with the soul can it form an “individual”. His masterpiece is the great anti-pagan novel complete works “,” complete works of theology “, etc.

26. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was born as a farmer in GermanyThe family, the initiator of the religious reform movement, and his representative works are “95 programs” and “to the German Christian Church”The family open book, the Babylonian prisoner of the church and on the freedom of Christianity put forward the theory of “justification by faith”.

27. Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519) during the Italian RenaissanceFamous painters and philosophers of the period. His paintings include the last supper and Mona Lisa, and his works include painting.

28. Wang Shouren (1472-1528) was a philosopher and educator of the Ming Dynasty. His name was born and his posthumous title was Wencheng. Zeng ZhuMy hometown is Yangming cave, known as Mr. Yangming in the world. Advocate the “Xiangshan school” and believe that everything in the world depends on all things in nature and human society is the expression of the “heart”. Put forward “knowledge” The theory of “unity of action” advocates seeking reason in my heart. His works were compiled into the complete book of Wang Wencheng by manner, which is in philosophy most important ones are “biography” and “University questions”.

29. Patrizi, Francesco (1529-1597), Italian RenaissanceNatural philosophers. He affirmed that objective reality is the fundamental principle of things, and material is the basis and origin of all thing’s causes; All matter consists of four internal principles: space, light, heat, and flow. And that God created the world, God is equal to light. His main works include the art of history, the new philosophy of the universe, the debate of the carefree school, etc.

30. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was an Englishman. He was the first to express modern science and expounds on the purpose and nature of science, the correct way to develop science, and summarize the essence of a scientific experiment for the first time empirical method – induction plays a guiding role in the development of modern science. Four illusion theory. His main works are WeiGreat rejuvenation, including on academic progress and new tools.

31. Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) was an English empiricist philosopher. It puts forward that all knowledge and ideas originate from sensory experience, and puts forward the famous thought of “social contract theory”. representatives’ works include citizens, Leviathan, objects, and on human nature.

32. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was born into a French noble family. He put forward the famous proposition of “I think, therefore I am”, and put forward the idea of “mind-matter” dualism. generation is works include the rules guiding the mind, on methods, meditation on the first philosophy, and philosophical principles.

33. Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692) was a thinker in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He was named Jiang Zhai with the word “agriculture”. Live in seclusion in old ageSteaming Zuoshi Chuanshan in Western Hunan (now Gulan, Hengyang County, Hunan), scholars call Mr. Chuanshan. Summed up and developed the Chinese biographyTraditional simple dialectics and materialism believe that the universe is a material entity composed of “Qi”, and the material entity is “Qi” And objective law “reason”, the two cannot be separated. Later generations compiled the book as “Chuanshan suicide note”, which is the most important in philosophy important ones include the biography of the book of changes, the book of Shang’s citation of righteousness, the theory of reading the four books, Zhang Zizheng’s annotation, the record of thinking and asking fellow book, nightmare, Laozi Yan, Zhuang Zitong.

34. Spinoza Benedictus de (1632-1677), Dutch philosopher, rationalist atheism. Spinoza believes that the entity is the only constant infinite existence, and there is no superThe existence of natural God, the entity itself is God, with the tendency of pantheism. He is the author of ethics.

35. Locke John (1632-1704) was an English materialist philosopher and the main representative of empiricismOne of the representatives. Locke developed Bacon’s philosophical system and believed that knowledge originated from sensory experience and was politically importantPut forward the decentralization theory. He is the author of human reason and government.

36. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716), German philosopher, rationalistOne of the main representatives of, he put forward the theory of monad, which takes monad as the basis of everything and explains the operation of thingsDynamic change shows the continuity of the movement and development of things with infinite single sequence and the predetermined harmony of single sequence changeAnd the regularity of change, forming the philosophical system of objective idealism. He is the author of monasteries and human reasonNew theory.

37. Giovanni Battista Vico (1668-1744) was a great Italian philosopher and Chinese philosopherScientists, aestheticians and jurists have a great influence on the history of modern thought and culture in the world. According to his historical philosophy,Because human will determines action, human beings create history by themselves, and human beings can correctly understand history and findThe regularity of history and make history a “new science”. His famous masterpiece is new science.

38. Berkeley, George (1685-1753), British philosopher of subjective idealism, Born in Ireland. It puts forward that “being is being perceived” and believes that matter is nothingness. New vision masterpieceOn, principles of human knowledge, on movement, etc.

39. Montesquieu (Baron de, 1689-1755) was a French Enlightenment thinker and social philosopherSociologist, founder of the bourgeois state, and legal theory. He advocated the separation of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of governmentEstablish and check and balance each other as a means to ensure personal freedom. In addition, it also puts forward the theory of “geography” and oneSome legal and economic theories. He has written Persian letters and the spirit of the law.

40. Voltaire (formerly Francia, Mali are, Voltaire is his pseudonym) (Voltaire,1694-1778) French Enlightenment thinker. Believe in the theory of natural rights and advocate that everyone is equal before the law, But it also believes that the inequality of property rights is inevitable; Recognizes the objective existence of the material world and affirms understanding comes from sensory experience. He is the author of philosophical communication and so on.

　　千古江山，

　　英雄无觅，

　　孙仲谋处。

　　舞榭歌台，

　　风流总被，

　　雨打风吹去。

　　斜阳草树，

　　寻常巷陌，

　　人道寄奴曾住。

　　想当年，

　　金戈铁马，

　　气吞万里如虎。

　　元嘉草草，

　　封狼居胥，

　　赢得仓皇北顾。

　　四十三年，

　　望中犹记，

　　烽火扬州路。

　　可堪回首，

　　佛狸祠下，

　　一片神鸦社鼓。

　　凭谁问：

　　廉颇老矣，

　　尚能饭否?

　　Joy of Eternal Union

　　Xin Qiji

　　The land is boundless as of yore,

　　But nowhere can be found

　　A hero like the king defending southern shore.

　　The singing hall, the dancing ground,

　　All gallant deeds now sent away

　　By driving wind and blinding rain!

　　The slanting sun sheds its departing ray

　　O’er tree-shaded and grassy lane

　　Where lived the Cowherd King retaking the lost land.

　　In bygone years,

　　Leading armed cavaliers,

　　With golden spear in hand,

　　Tigerlike, he had slain

　　The foe on the thousand-mile Central Plain.

　　His son launched in haste a northern campaign;

　　Defeated at Mount Wolf, he shed his tears in vain.

　　I still remember three and forty years ago

　　The thriving town destroyed in flames by the foe.

　　How can I bear

　　To see the chief aggressor’s shrine

　　Worshipped ‘mid crows and drumbeats as divine?

　　Who would still care

　　If an old general

　　Is strong enough to take back the lost capital?

　　Where is the Central Plain?

左手把青霓，右手挟明月。吾使丰隆前导，叫开阊阖。周游上下，径入寥天一。览县圃，万斛泉，千丈石。
钧天广乐，燕我瑶之席。帝饮予觞甚乐，赐汝苍璧。嶙峋突兀，正在一丘壑。余马怀，仆夫悲，下恍惚。

Song of a Thousand Years
The Green Rock
Xin Qiji

In my left hand I hold the rainbow bright
And I bring down the moon with my right.
I order the Thunder God to go before
To open for me the celestial door.
I go up and down, far and nigh,
Become one with the only and lonely sky.
I see the hanging mountain
And the inexhaustible fountain,
And the green rock of a thousand feet high.

Hearing heavenly music played,
I’m feasted by the Pool of jade.
Our Lord invites me to wine
And gives me a mini-cliff divine.
Rugged and steep,
It epitomizes mountain high and valley deep.
My horse won’t leave,
My servant seems to grieve.
Awake, I don’t believe.

更能消几番风雨？
匆匆春又归去！
惜春长怕花开早，
何况落红无数！
春且住，
见说道天涯芳草无归路。
怨春不语。
算只有殷勤、画檐蛛网，
尽日惹飞絮。

长门事，
准拟佳期又误！
蛾眉曾有人妒。
千金纵买相如赋，
脉脉此情谁诉？
君莫舞，
君不见，
玉环飞燕皆尘土！
闲愁最苦。
休去倚危栏，
斜阳正在，
烟柳断肠处。

Moyu’er
Xin Qiji

How many flurries or squalls can Spring stand,
Before it will have to return to its fount?
One is e’er afraid: spring flowers might bloom too soon.
They have dropped! How many? Impossible to count.

“Spring, you may as well stay a little longer.
Fragrant grass, horizon-far, would block your way.”
But silent Spring leaves only some fluff behind—
For spider webs to catch; Spring itself wouldn’t stay.

Chen Ajiao was estranged from Emperor Wu,
Forming the so-called Changmen Palace Affair.
The happy reunion, hoped for, ne’er occurred.
No efforts to ruin Beauty, Envy would spare.

She had spent a thousand for Xiangru’s poem.
But the Monarch seemed to have a heart of stone.
Overflowing love—expressed in such dead earnest!
Her grief and complaints to whom could she make known?

You must not carper nor else be frolicsome.
Haven’t you seen Yuhuan and Feiyan at their doom?
To be pining away is a painful thing.
To be pining away is a painful thing.
Don’t lean on a rail and watch the event’s gloom.

translated text：
The bright moon in the sky rose to the treetops,

Starked away the magpies living on the branches.

The cool evening wind seems to blow to the distant cicadas cry.

In the aroma of the rice, People talk about the good harvest year,

I heard the cries of frogs, As if to talk about the bumper harvest year.

Light clouds are floating in the sky, The twinkling stars fade and appear,

A falling light rain fell in front of the mountain,

I hurried across the small bridge to take shelter from the rain.

In the past, where was the hut shop near the woods near the Land Temple?

Turning a corner, the thatched shop suddenly appeared in front of him.

野塘花落，

又匆匆过了清明时节。

铲地东风期限客梦，

一枕云屏寒怯。

曲岸持觞，

垂杨系马，

此地曾经别。

楼空人去，

旧游飞燕能说。

闻道绮陌东头，

行人曾见，

帘底纤纤月。

旧恨春江流不尽，

新恨云山千叠。

料得明朝，

尊前重见，

镜花难折。

也应惊问：

近来多少华发？

(To the Tune of Niannujiao)

Xin Qiji

Wild pear blossoms start falling again,

so soon, the Qingming festival over.

The cruel eastern wind, for no reason,

Interrupts a traveler’s dream.

I awake, the brocade curtain

Devastatingly cold. Once,

she held the drink to me

on the winding river bank,

and we bade farewell to each other

under a weeping willow tree

with my horse tethered to it.

Now, the pavilion deserted,

there is no trace of her,

only the swallows twittering about bygones.

She’s been seen, people say,

east of the bustling thoroughfare,

behind the curtain, still as graceful

as the new moon. Old regrets

run like the endless spring water.

New griefs pile up

like the clouds over the mountains.

If we were going to meet again,

at a banquet, to tell her all this

would be as impossible

as to pluck the flower from a mirror.

She would say, perhaps,

How white your hair has grown!

薄雾浓云愁永昼，

瑞脑销金兽。

佳节又重阳，

玉枕纱橱，

半夜凉初透。

东篱把酒黄昏后，

有暗香盈袖。

莫道不消魂，

帘卷西风，

人比黄花瘦！

————————————————————————————————

To the Tune of Intoxicated Under the Shadow of Flowers

The Double Ninth Festival

Light mists and heavy clouds,

melancholy the long dreary day.

In the golden censer

the burning incense is dying away.

It is again time

for the lovely Double-Ninth Festival;

The coolness of midnight

penetrates my screen of sheer silk

and chills my pillow of jade.

After drinking wine at twilight

under the chrysanthemum hedge,

My sleeves are perfumed

by the fragrance of the plants.

Oh, I cannot say it is not endearing,

Only, when the west wind stir the curtain,

I see that I am more gracile

than the yellow flowers.

生当作人杰，死亦为鬼雄。

至今思项羽，不肯过江东！

————————————————————————————————

Xu Jingcheng Translation：

A Summer Verse

Live, be a man’s sage;

Dead, be a wights’ priest.

Xiang Yu, mused, with rage,

Spurned sails to Ri’er East.

————————————————————————————————

Xu Yuanchong translation：

The Black River

Be man of men while you’re alive,

Be soul of souls e’en if you’re dead!

Think of Xiang Yu who’d not survive

His men whose blood for him was shed!

————————————————————————————————

Translation by Zhao Yanchun：

A quatrain in Summer

On earth, stand as a hero true;

In hell, become a gallant ghost.

To come back east Xiang wouldn’t do;

Today I think of him the most.

————————————————————————————————

Zhuo Zhenying Translation：

A Four-Line Poem Composed in Summer

Be a man of men with mettle while alive,

And a soul of souls even if doom’d to die!

Xiang Yu, who would rather perish than survive

By crossing th’ River, is held in esteem high!

————————————————————————————————

Zhang Zhizhong translation：

Be a Man

Alive, be a man of men;

dead, be a ghost of ghosts.

Xiang Yu is my idol,

who did disdain to outlive his underlings.

————————————————————————————————

Tr. Stefan Abeysekera translation ：

A Quatrain in Summer

To be, one should be a rare fellow.

Not to be, one should be a ghost hero.

We have revered Xiangyu till today,

For he rejected alive as a loser way.